Data Leverage References

Hamidah Oderinwale, Anna Kazlauskas

Research agenda documenting AI training data deals from 2020 to 2025. Reveals persistent market fragmentation, five distinct pricing mechanisms (from per-unit licensing to commissioning), and that most deals exclude original creators from compensation. Found only 7 of 24 major deals compensate original creators.

Vincent, Nicholas, Surman, Mark, Hirsch-Allen, Jake

{European Union}

Jackson, Brandon, Cavello, B, Devine, Flynn, Garcia, Nick, Klein, Samuel J., Krasodomski, Alex, Tan, Joshua, Tursman, Eleanor

Shayne Longpre, Robert Mahari, Anthony Chen, Naana Obeng-Marnu, Damien Sileo, William Brannon, Niklas Muennighoff, Nathan Khazam, Jad Kabbara, Kartik Perisetla, Xinyi Wu, Enrico Shippole, Kurt Bollacker, Tongshuang Wu, Luis Villa, Sandy Pentland, Sara Hooker

Large-scale audit of over 1,800 text AI datasets analyzing trends, permissions of use and global representation. Found frequent miscategorization of licences on dataset hosting sites, with licence omission rates of more than 70% and error rates of more than 50%. Released the Data Provenance Explorer tool for practitioners.

Marda, Nik, Sun, Jasmine, Surman, Mark

{NIST}

Heila Precel, Allison McDonald, Brent Hecht, Nicholas Vincent

{U.S. Copyright Office}

{Creative Commons}

{ISO/IEC}

{NIST}

Vincent, Nicholas, Bau, David, Schwettmann, Sarah, Tan, Joshua

{Common Crawl}

{BigCode Project}

Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, Joseph D. Viviano

Obar, Jonathan A., Oeldorf-Hirsch, Anne

{Supreme Court of Illinois}

Gray, Colin M., Kou, Yubo, Battles, Bryan, Hoggatt, Joseph, Toombs, Austin L.

{European Union}

Fiesler, Casey, Lampe, Cliff, Bruckman, Amy S.

{Federal Trade Commission}

{Illinois General Assembly}

McDonald, Aleecia M., Cranor, Lorrie Faith

{U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}

{U.S. Department of Education}

{Common Crawl}